Embryonic Architecture with Built-in Self-test and GA Evolved Configuration Data
Abstract
The embryonic architecture, which draws inspiration
from the biological process of ontogeny, has built-in
mechanisms for self-repair. The entire genome is stored in the
embryonic cells, allowing the data to be replicated in healthy
cells in the event of a single cell failure in the embryonic fabric.
A specially designed genetic algorithm (GA) is used to evolve the
configuration information for embryonic cells. Any failed embryonic
cell must be indicated via the proposed Built-in Self-test
(BIST) the module of the embryonic fabric. This paper recommends
an effective centralized BIST design for a novel embryonic fabric.
Every embryonic cell is scanned by the proposed BIST in case
the self-test mode is activated. The centralized BIST design uses
less hardware than if it were integrated into each embryonic
cell. To reduce the size of the data, the genome or configuration
data of each embryonic cell is decoded using Cartesian Genetic
Programming (CGP). The GA is tested for the 1-bit adder and
2-bit comparator circuits that are implemented in the embryonic
cell. Fault detection is possible at every function of the cell due to
the BIST module’s design. The CGP format can also offer gate-level
fault detection. Customized GA and BIST are combined
with the novel embryonic architecture. In the embryonic cell, self-repair
is accomplished via data scrubbing for transient errors.
References
X. Zhang, G. Dragffy, A. G. Pipe, N. Gunton and Q. M. Zhu, ”A
Reconfigurable Self-healing Embryonic Cell Architecture”, in Proc. of
the International Conference on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms, 2003, pp. 134–140.
G. Martinovi´c and I. Novak, ”A combined architecture of biologically inspired approaches to self-healing in embedded systems”, in Proc. of International Conference on Smart Systems and Technologies, 2017, pp. 17–22, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.1109/SST.2017.8188663).
Y. Shanshan, W. Youren, ”A new self-repairing digital circuit based on embryonic cellular array”, 8th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology, 2006, pp. 1997–1999, Paper identifier
(https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSICT.2006.306573).
Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, ”Method to self-repairing reconfiguration strategy selection of embryonic cellular array on reliability analysis”,
in Proc. of the 2014 NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive
Hardware and Systems, 2014, pp. 225–232, Paper identifier
(https://doi.org/10.1109/AHS.2014.6880181).
Z. Zhai, Q. Yao, Y. Xiaoliang, Y. Rui and W. Youren, ”Self-healing
strategy for transient fault cell reutilization of embryonic array circuit”,
NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, 2018, pp.
–232, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.1109/AHS.2018.8541472).
R. Salvador, A. Otero, J. Mora, E. D. La Torre, L. Sekanina and
T. Riesgo, ”Fault tolerance analysis and self-healing strategy of autonomous, evolvable hardware systems”, International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs, 2011, pp. 164–169, Paper
identifier (https://doi.org/10.1109/ReConFig.2011.37).
E. Benkhelifa, A. Pipe and A. Tiwari, ”Evolvable embryonics: 2-in-
approach to self-healing systems”, Procedia CIRP, 11, 2013, pp.
–399, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.07.029).
V. Sahni and V. P. Pyara, ”An Embryonic Approach to Reliable Digital Instrumentation Based on Evolvable Hardware”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 52(6), 2003, pp. 1696–1702, Paper
identifier (https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2003.818737).
K.H. Chong, I.B. Aris, M.A. Sinan and B.M. Hamiruce, ”Digital
Circuit Structure Design via Evolutionary Algorithm Method”, Journal
of Applied Sciences, 7, 2007, pp. 380-385.
E. Benkhelifa, A. Pipe, G. Dragffy and M. Nibouche, ”Towards evolving fault tolerant biologically inspired hardware using evolutionary algorithms”, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Singapore, 2007, pp. 1548-1554, Paper identifier (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2007.4424657).
J. F. Miller, ”Cartesian Genetic Programming. Natural Computing
Series”, 43, 2011, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642- 17310-3).
G. Malhotra, V. Lekshmi, S. Sudhakar and S. Udupa, ”Implementation of threshold comparator using Cartesian genetic programming on embryonic fabric”, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 939, 2019, pp. 93–102.
E. Stomeo, T. Kalganova and C. Lambert, ”A novel genetic
algorithm for evolvable hardware”, IEEE Congress on
Evolutionary Computation, 2006, pp. 134–141, Paper identifier
(https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2006.1688300).
Lucian Prodan, Gianluca Tempesti, Daniel Mange and Andr´e Stauffer,
”Embryonics: electronic stem cells”, In Proc. of the eighth international conference on Artificial life, 2003, pp. 101–105.
D. Mange, A. Stauffer and G. Tempesti, ”Embryonics: A macroscopic view of the cellular architecture”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 1478, 1998, pp. 174–184, Paper identifier
(https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0057619).
Yann Thoma, Gianluca Tempesti and Eduardo Sanchez, ”POEtic: An Electronic Tissue for Bio-Inspired Cellular Applications”, Biosystems, vol. 76, 1-3 (2004).
A. Stauffer, Daniel Mange, and Joel Rossier, ”Design of Self-organizing Bio-inspired Systems”, Second NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, 2007.
M. R. Boesen and J. Madsen, ”eDNA: A bio-inspired reconfigurable hardware cell architecture supporting self-organisation and self-healing”, NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, 2009, pp. 147–154, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.1109/AHS.2009.22).
C.E. Stroud, ”A Designer’s Guide to Built-in Self-Test”, Springer, 2002.
Gayatri Malhotra, Joachim Becker and Maurits Ortmanns, ”Novel Field Programmable Embryonic Cell for Adder and Multiplier”, 9th Conference on Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME-2013), June 2013.
Z. Zhang and Y. Wang, ”Method to self-repairing reconfiguration
strategy selection of embryonic cellular array on reliability analysis”,
In Proc. of the 2014 NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive
Hardware and Systems, 2014, pp. 225–232, Paper identifier
(https://doi.org/10.1109/AHS.2014.6880181).
M. F. Torquato and M. A. C. Fernandes, ”High-Performance Parallel Implementation of Genetic Algorithm on FPGA”, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 38(9), 2019, pp. 4014–4039, Paper identifier
(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-019-01037-w).
Z. Zhu, D. J. Mulvaney and V. A. Chouliaras, ”Hardware implementation of a novel genetic algorithm. Neurocomputing”, 71(1–3), 2007, pp. 95–106, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2006.11.031).
A. AL-Marakeby, ”FPGA on FPGA: Implementation of Fine-grained
Parallel Genetic Algorithm on Field Programmable Gate Array”, International Journal of Computer Applications, 80(6), 2013, pp. 29–32, Paper identifier (https://doi.org/10.5120/13867-1725).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
