Comparison of wireless data transmission protocols for residential water meter applications

Authors

Abstract

This article provides a comparison of various wireless data transmission protocols, such as Wireless M-Bus, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT and a newly developed proprietary protocol, studying their performance in the application of battery-powered residential water meters. Key aspects of the comparison include energy consumption, which is analyzed through comparing unitary amount of charge required to conduct a single, bi-directional data transaction between the meter and base station, and maximum coupling loss which effectively defines the range and coverage in the system. For completeness, the study includes also a brief cost analysis and ends with a conclusion, stating when each of the particular standards should be favored.

References

Ł. Krzak, M. Kubaszek, J. Macheta, and C. Worek, “Comparison of wireless data transmission protocols for residential water meter applications - Matlab scripts,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/lkrzak/ijet2023

S. K. Wong and M. Moghavvemi, “A reliable and economically feasible automatic meter reading system using power line distribution

network (technical note),” International Journal of Engineering, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 301–318, 2005. [Online]. Available: https://www.ije.ir/article 71596.html

T. Boyle, D. Giurco, P. Mukheibir, A. Liu, C. Delaney, S. White, and R. Stewart, “Intelligent metering for urban water: A review,” Water, vol. 5, pp. 1052–1081, 09 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/w5031052

Berg Insight, “Smart water metering in europe and north america. 2nd edition,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.berginsight.com/smart-water-metering-in-europe-and-north-america

K. Mekki, E. Bajic, F. Chaxel, and F. Meyer, “A comparative study of lpwan technologies for large-scale iot deployment,” ICT Express, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005

P. Levchenko, D. Bankov, E. Khorov, and A. Lyakhov, “Performance comparison of nb-fi, sigfox, and lorawan,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 24,

[Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249633

Y. Lalle, L. C. Fourati, M. Fourati, and J. P. Barraca, “A comparative study of lorawan, sigfox, and nb-iot for smart water grid,” in 2019

Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS), 2019, pp. 1–6. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/GIIS48668.

9044961

N. Sushma, H. N. Suresh, J. M. Lakshmi, P. N. Srinivasu, A. K. Bhoi, and P. Barsocchi, “A unified metering system deployed for water and energy monitoring in smart city,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 80 429–80 447, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3299825

P. Ruckebusch, S. Giannoulis, I. Moerman, J. Hoebeke, and E. De Poorter, “Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in lpwan networks: Sigfox, lora and ieee 802.15.4g,”Internet of Things, vol. 3-4, pp. 104–119, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2018.09.010

S. M. Phal, G. R. Salanke N.S., S. G., and P. S.B., “Intelligent meters for urban domestic water consumption,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM), 2019, pp. 59–63. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCEM48484.2019.00013

F. Abate, M. Carrat`u, C. Liguori, and V. Paciello, “A low cost smart power meter for iot,” Measurement, vol. 136, pp. 59–66, 2019.

[Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.069

S. Spinsante, S. Squartini, L. Gabrielli, M. Pizzichini, E. Gambi, and F. Piazza, “Wireless m-bus sensor networks for smart water grids: Analysis and results,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 579271, 2014. [Online]. Available:

https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/579271

S. Squartini, L. Gabrielli, M. Mencarelli, M. Pizzichini, S. Spinsante, and F. Piazza, “Wireless m-bus sensor nodes in smart water grids: The energy issue,” in 2013 Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing (ICICIP), 2013, pp. 614–619. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICIP.2013.6568148

L. Casals Ib ́a ̃nez, B. Mir Masnou, R. Vidal Ferr ́e, and C. Gomez, “Modeling the energy performance of lorawan,” Sensors, vol. 17, p.

, 10 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102364

S. Maudet, G. Andrieux, R. Chevillon, and J.-F. Diouris, “Refined node energy consumption modeling in a lorawan network,” Sensors,

vol. 21, no. 19, p. 6398, Sep 2021. [Online]. Available: http://doi.org/10.3390/s21196398

S. Trendov, M. Gering, and E. Siemens, “Impact of lorawan transceiver on end device battery lifetime,” in 2023 30th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), 2023, pp. 1–5. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/IWSSIP58668.2023.10180293

C. Gomez, J. Veras, R. Vidal Ferr ́e, L. Casals Ib ́a ̃nez, and J. Paradells, “A sigfox energy consumption model,” Sensors, vol. 19, p. 681, 02 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030681

M. Naeem, M. Albano, K. G. Larsen, B. Nielsen, A. Høedholt, and C. Ø.Laursen, “Modelling and analysis of a sigfox-based iot network using uppaalsmc,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 10 577–10 587, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3261667

A. K. Sultania, P. Zand, C. Blondia, and J. Famaey, “Energy modeling and evaluation of nb-iot with psm and edrx,” in 2018 IEEE

Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2018, pp. 1–7. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOMW.2018.8644074

C. B. Mwakwata, H. Malik, M. Mahtab Alam, Y. Le Moullec, S. Parand, and S. Mumtaz, “Narrowband internet of things (nb-iot): From physical (phy) and media access control (mac) layers perspectives,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 11, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112613

M. Lukic, S. Sobot, I. Mezei, D. Vukobratovic, and D. Danilovic, “In-depth real-world evaluation of nb-iot module energy consumption,”in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT), 2020, pp. 261–265. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartIoT49966.2020.00046

A. Sorensen, H. Wang, M. J. Remy, N. Kjettrup, R. B. Sorensen, J. J. Nielsen, P. Popovski, and G. C. Madueno, “Modeling and experimental validation for battery lifetime estimation in NB-IoT and LTE-m,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 9804–9819, jun 2022.[Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3152173

European Standard, “EN 13757-4:2019 - Communication systems for meters and remote reading of meters - Part 4: Wireless meter readout (Radio meter reading for operation in SRD bands),” 2019.

LoRa Alliance, “Lorawan® regional parameters rp002-1.0.4,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://resources.lora-alliance.org/

technical-specifications/rp002-1-0-4-regional-parameters

SIGFOX, “Sigfox technical overview,” May 2017. [Online]. Available: https://api.build.sigfox.com/files/59c211c69d14790001fbe9a2

S. Aguilar, A. Platis, R. Vidal, and C. Gomez, “Energy consumption model of schc packet fragmentation over sigfox lpwan,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 6, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062120

P. Thubert, “An Architecture for IPv6 over the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping Mode of IEEE 802.15.4 (6TiSCH),” RFC 9030, May 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9030

M. Kubaszek, J. Macheta, Ł. Krzak, and C. Worek, “The analysis of energy consumption in 6tisch network nodes working in sub-ghz

band,” International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, vol. vol. 66, no. No 1, pp. 201–210, 2020. [Online]. Available:

https://doi.org/10.24425/ijet.2020.131864

M. R. S. Jagir Hussain, “Be-rpl: Balanced-load and energy-efficient rpl,” Computer Systems Science and Engineering, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 785–801, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.030393

I. F. V. Junior, J. Granjal, and M. Curado, “A distributed network-aware tsch scheduling,” in 2023 19th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN), 2023, pp. 1–8. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/DRCN57075.2023.10108193

Ł. Krzak, C. Worek, G. Gajoch, and J. Witkowski, “Adaptive radio communication layer for a stationary water meter reading

system,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2022.01.24

C. Worek, Ł. Krzak, G. Gajoch, and J. Witkowski, “Two-band, sdr-based base station for smart metering applications,” Przeglad

Elektrotechniczny, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2022.01.26

ST Microelectronics, “Datasheet of stm32wle5xx and stm32wle4xx (ds13105 rev 12),” 2022.

Semtech, “Sx1272/3/6/7/8 lora modem design guide,” 2013.

SIGFOX, “Sigfox access station micro smbs-t4 datasheet,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://support.sigfox.com/docs/smbs-t4-datasheet

Downloads

Published

2023-10-28

Issue

Vol. 69 No. 4 (2023)

Section

Power, Industrial Electronics

License

Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

1. License

The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.

3. User Rights

Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.

4. Rights of Authors

Authors retain the following rights:

- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,

- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,

- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,

- the right to self-archive the article

- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.

5. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

6. Termination

This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.

7. Royalties

This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.

8. Miscellaneous

The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.

By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.