A Comprehensive Review of Wearable Antenna Design for On-Body and Off-Body Communication

Authors

  • Dinesh Yadav Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8432-8171
  • Gaurav Kumar Soni Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  • Ashok Kumar Government Mahila Engineering College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

Abstract

Today age of advancement one of the fastest growing fields of the technology is wearable electronics and device. In the recent advancement the wearable devices for on and off body communication is going expeditiously. For the wearable wireless communication, wearable antennas are mostly used due to its compact size, self powered, light weight, low profile, portable wireless communication and sensing. This paper throws light on wearable antennas for on body and off body communication including their applications, advantages and disadvantages. A comparative study is conducted on designing of different on body and off body wearable antennas and parameters of designed antenna such as their size, shape, gain, SAR have been compared and analyzed. In this paper also discussed the impact of the wearable antenna on human body and impact of human body on antenna

References

N. H. M. Rais, P. J. Soh, F. Malek, S. Ahmad, N. B. M. Hashim and P. S. Hall, "A review of wearable antenna", IEEE 2009 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, pp. 225-228, 2009.

A. Chandravanshi, A. Rai and G. Chaitanya, "Wearable antenna: A critical review”, 2016 IEEE 11th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), pp. 486-491, 2016.

P. S. Hall andY. Hao, “Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications”, Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, 2006.

A. Pellegrini, A. Brizzi, L. Zhang, K. Ali; Y. Hao, X. Wu; C. C. Constantinou, Y. Nechayev, P. S. Hall, N. Chahat, M. Zhadobov and R. Sauleau, "Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies: A Review [Wireless Corner]," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 262-287, Aug. 2013.

Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia, "A Statistical Model for the Influence of Body Dynamics on the Gain Pattern of Wearable Antennas in Off-Body Radio Channels", Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal, Volume 73, Issue 3, pp. 381–399, December 2013.

H. Xiaomu, S. Yan and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Wearable Button Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN Applications With Combined on and off-Body Radiation Patterns”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1384-1387, March 2017.

K. N. Paracha, S. K. Abdul Rahim, P. J. Soh and M. Khalily, "Wearable Antennas: A Review of Materials, Structures, and Innovative Features for Autonomous Communication and Sensing”, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 56694-56712, 2019.

V. Kumar, "Patch antenna for wearable electronics," IEEE 2017 2nd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), pp. 636-640, 2017.

S. Alharbi, R. M. Shubair and A. Kiourti, "Flexible antennas for wearable applications: Recent advances and design challenges," 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018), pp. 1-3, 2018.

P. S. Hall and Y. Hao, “Antennas and Propagation for Body Communications Systems”, 2nd ed. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, 2012.

“International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunications (ITU-R), Radio Regulations, SA.1346,” ITU, Geneva, Switzerland; available online: http://itu.int/home.

“Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) Federal Register,” Rules Regulations, 64, 240, pp. 69926-69934, December 1999.

“European Radiocommunications Commission (ERC) Recommendation 70-03 Relating to the Use of Short Range Devices,” European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration, CEPT/ERC 70-03, Annex 12, 1997.

“International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunications (ITU-R), Radio Regulations, Section 5.138 and 5.150,” ITU, Geneva, Switzerland; available online: http://itu.int/home.

N. Chahat, G. Valerio, M. Zhadobov and R. Sauleau, "On-Body Propagation at 60 GHz," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1876-1888, April 2013.

A. Kiourti and K. S. Nikita, "A Review of Implantable Patch Antennas for Biomedical Telemetry: Challenges and Solutions [Wireless Corner]", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 210-228, June 2012.

A. Pellegrini, A. Brizzi, L. Zhang, and Y. Hao, “Numerical and experimental analysis of the on-body propagation channel at W band,” in Proc. 6th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag. (EUCAP), Mar. 26–30, pp. 750–754, 2012.

Q. H. Abbasi, A. Sani, A. Alomainy, and Y. Hao, “Numerical characterization and modeling of subject-specific ultra wideband body-centric radio channels and systems for healthcare applications,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 221–227, Mar. 2012.

A Araghi, M. Khalily, A. A. Ghannad, P. Xiao and R. Tafazolli, "Compact Dual Band Antenna for Off-Body-Centric Communications", 2019 IEEE 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1-5, 2019.

S. Agneessens, S. Lemey, T. Vervust and H. Rogier, "Wearable small and robust: The circular quarter-mode textile antenna”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1482-1485, 2015.

S. Yan, P. J. Soh and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Low-Profile Dual-Band Textile Antenna With Artificial Magnetic Conductor Plane”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 6487-6490, Dec. 2014.

M. E. Lajevardi and M. Kamyab, "Ultra miniaturized metamaterial-inspired SIW textile antenna for off-body applications", IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 3155-3158, 2017.

S. J. Boyes, P. J. Soh, Y. Huang, G. A. E. Vandenbosch and N. Khiabani, "Measurement and performance of textile antenna efficiency on a human body in a reverberation chamber", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 871-881, Feb. 2013.

P. B. Samal, P. J. Soh and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "UWB All-Textile Antenna With Full Ground Plane for Off-Body WBAN Communications”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 102-108, Jan. 2014.

A. Smida, A. Iqbal, A. J. Alazemi, M. I. Waly, R. Ghayoula and S. Kim, "Wideband Wearable Antenna for Biomedical Telemetry Applications”, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 15687-15694, 2020.

K. L. Wong, H. J. Chang, C. Y. Wang and S. Y. Wang, "Very-Low-Profile Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Dual-Band WLAN Slot Antenna for On-Body Antenna Application", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 213-217, Jan. 2020.

G. Gao, R. Zhang, C. Yang, H. Meng, W. Geng, B. Hu, "Microstrip monopole antenna with a novel UC-EBG for 2.4 GHz WBAN applications", IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 13 Iss. 13, pp. 2319-2323, 2019.

P. Saha , D. Mitra, S. K. Parui, "Control of Gain and SAR for Wearable Antenna Using AMC Structure", Radioengineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 81-88, 2021.

G. P. Gao, B. Hu, S. F. Wang and C. Yang, "Wearable Circular Ring Slot Antenna With EBG Structure for Wireless Body Area Network", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 434-437, 2018.

Sharadindu Gopal Kirtania , Bachir Adham Younes , Abdul Rakib Hossain, Tutku Karacolak and Praveen Kumar Sekhar, “CPW-Fed Flexible Ultra-Wideband Antenna for IoT Applications”, MDPI Journal of Micromachines 12, 453, pp. 1-13, 2021.

Mohandoss Susila, Thipparaju Rama Rao, Karthik Varshini, Palaniswamy Sandeep Kumar, and Marudappa Pushpalatha, "Investigations of Specific Absorption Rate and Temperature Variations for an UWB Antenna for Wireless Applications", Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 78, 83–92, 2019.

Md. Rabiul Hasan, Manjurul Ahsan Riheen, Praveen Sekhar, Tutku Karacolak, "Compact CPW-fed circular patch flexible antenna for super-wideband applications", IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 14 Iss. 10, pp. 1069-1073, 2020.

K. Sajith, J. Gandhimohan and T. Shanmuganantham, "Design of SRR loaded octagonal slot CPW fed wearable antenna for EEG monitoring applications", IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCS), pp. 49-53, 2017.

K. Sajith, J. Gandhimohan and T. Shanmuganantham, "Multilayered and Dual-Band CB-CPW Fed Wearable Antenna for Healthcare Monitoring Applications", IEEE International Conference on Current Trends towards Converging Technologies (ICCTCT), pp. 1-5, 2018.

K. Sajith, J. Gandhimohan and T. Shanmuganantham, "Design of SRR loaded CB-CPW fed diamond shaped patch on-body antenna for ECG monitoring applications", 2017 IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCS), pp. 118-123, 2017.

Purna B. Samal, Ping Jack Soh and Zahriladha Zakaria, "Compact Microstrip-Based Textile Antenna for 802.15.6 WBAN-UWB with Full Ground Plane", Hindwai International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-12, 2019.

R. Rabhi, H. Akbari-Chelaresi, M. Olaimat, A. Gharsallah and O. M. Ramahi, "Low-Profile off-Body Wearable Antenna for Biomedical Applications", IEEE International Microwave and Antenna Symposium (IMAS), 2023, pp. 142-145, 2023.

R. Huang, W. Xia, L. Xing and F. Zhu, "A Dual-Band Footwear Textile Antenna for LoRa Off-Body Communication", IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (CAMA), pp. 1-4, 2022.

Md. Ashikur Rahman, Md. Foisal Hossain, Manjurul A. Riheen, and Praveen K. Sekhar, "Early Brain Stroke Detection Using Flexible Monopole Antenna", Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 99, pp. 99–110, 2020.

H. Yang and X. Liu, "Wearable Dual-Band and Dual-Polarized Textile Antenna for On- and Off-Body Communications”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2324-2328, Dec. 2020.

Muhammad Mustaqim, Bilal A. Khawaja, Hassan T. Chattha, Kinza Shafique, Muhammad J. Zafar and Mohsin Jamil, "Ultra‐wideband antenna for wearable Internet of Things devices and wireless body area network applications", Welly International Journal of Numerical Modelling Electronic Networks Devices and Fields 32(2):e2590, pp. 1-12, 2018.

Shankar Bhattacharjee, Monojit Mitra, and Sekhar R. Bhadra Chaudhuri, "An Effective SAR Reduction Technique of a Compact Meander Line Antenna for Wearable Applications", Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 55, pp. 143–152, 2017.

Srinivas Doddipalli, Ashwin Kothari, and Paritosh Peshwe, "A Low Profile Ultrawide Band Monopole Antenna for Wearable Applications", Hindawi International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-9, 2017.

Maria Lucia Scarpello, Luigi Vallozzi, Hendrik Rogier, and Dries Vande Ginste, "High-Gain Textile Antenna Array System for Off-Body Communication", International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-12, 2012.

“Wearable Antennas – Applications, Technologies, and their Impact on Human Body”, https://www.mistralsolutions.com/blog/wearable-antennas-applications-technologies-impact-human-body/#:~:text=The%20human%20body%20also%20has,and%20reduced%20efficiency%20of%20Antenna.

Nurul Huda Abd Rahman, Yoshihide Yamada and Muhammad Shakir Amin Nordin, "Analysis on the Effects of the Human Body on the Performance of Electro-Textile Antennas for Wearable Monitoring and Tracking Application", MDPI Journal of Materials 12, pp. 1-17, 2019.

Silvia Gallucci, Marta Bonato, Martina Benin, Emma Chiaramello, Serena Fiocchi, Gabriella Tognola and Marta Parazzini, "Assessment of EMF Human Exposure Levels Due to Wearable Antennas at 5G Frequency Band", Sensors 23, pp. 1-13, 2023.

S. Maity, D. Das and S. Sen, "Wearable health monitoring using capacitive voltage-mode Human Body Communication", IEEE 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 1-4, 2017.

Yuanzheng Xu, Lei Mu, Yinfang Xu, Abdelhady Mahmoud, Yiying Wang and Omar M. Ramahi, "Wearable Directional Button Antenna for On-Body Wireless Power Transfer", Electronics 12, pp. 1-12, 2023.

Additional Files

Published

2024-06-20

Issue

Vol. 70 No. 2 (2024)

Section

Antennas, Radars and Radiowave Propagation

License

Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

1. License

The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.

3. User Rights

Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.

4. Rights of Authors

Authors retain the following rights:

- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,

- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,

- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,

- the right to self-archive the article

- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.

5. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

6. Termination

This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.

7. Royalties

This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.

8. Miscellaneous

The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.

By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.